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Hydrogen energy storage: a new large-scale energy storage technology

Hydrogen energy storage is an important application of hydrogen energy at the energy storage end. Its principle is to use clean energy, fossil fuels, industrial by-products, electrolytic water and other technologies to produce hydrogen, store hydrogen, and when energy is needed, convert hydrogen into electric energy through internal combustion engines, fuel cells and other forms to transmit it to the Internet.

Hydrogen energy storage has the characteristics of high efficiency, cleanness and sustainability. As a carbon free energy storage technology, hydrogen energy storage is an extension of chemical energy storage. Compared with other energy storage mechanisms, hydrogen energy storage has high energy density, low operation and maintenance cost, long storage time, no pollution, and good compatibility with the environment. The power and energy of hydrogen energy storage can be independently optimized, and the power storage and power generation process do not need time-sharing operation. It is an ideal green energy storage technology. Compared with lithium battery, sodium battery and other chemical battery energy storage methods, hydrogen energy storage has the advantages of strong adaptability to capacity increase and decrease, large capacity, low energy storage cost, and is especially suitable for large-scale energy storage.

With the increase of renewable energy power generation and the proportion of installed capacity in China, hydrogen storage system can participate in grid connection consumption, effectively reduce the rate of wind and light abandonment, and improve the comprehensive income of renewable energy. Hydrogen energy is more flexible in terms of time and space dimensions of energy storage. Hydrogen energy can be stored in hydrogen storage materials in the form of solid phase, or in high-pressure tanks in the form of liquid and gas phases. The storage time can be as long as several weeks, and it can be transported over long distances and across regions through different storage forms, fully solving the time space mismatch problem of power consumption.

At present, the application of hydrogen energy storage in China has begun, and hydrogen energy storage projects have been gradually implemented. On December 9, the country's first communication base station using the "light hydrogen storage" integrated zero emission and pollution-free power supply was completed and opened in Butterfly Island, Fangchenggang City. For the first time in China, the base station adopts the "PV+hydrogen+energy storage" integration to implement the triple guarantee, which can provide all-weather power under various complex weather conditions.

The core of hydrogen energy storage is to use electricity hydrogen electricity reciprocity. The basic principle of hydrogen energy storage is to electrolyze water to obtain hydrogen and oxygen. In the renewable energy power generation system, the intermittent generation and transmission of electricity are often limited. The surplus, off peak or low-quality electricity is used to produce hydrogen on a large scale to convert electric energy into hydrogen energy for storage; When the power output is insufficient, hydrogen is used to convert into electric energy through fuel cells or other means for transmission to the Internet. As a chemical energy storage method, hydrogen energy storage is considered to be a new large-scale energy storage technology with great potential, which can also be used for energy storage with very short or very long power supply.

Ouyang Minggao, an academician of the CAS Member, said that hydrogen energy is the best way for large-scale long-term energy storage of centralized renewable energy, and hydrogen energy storage is the next strategic direction for the application of green hydrogen energy in China.

China has issued relevant policies on "hydrogen energy storage" to support the development of hydrogen energy storage. On July 23, 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration officially jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Development of New Energy Storage. Hydrogen energy is clearly included in the "new energy storage", which means that hydrogen energy storage is getting more and more attention and recognition.

On March 23 this year, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Medium and Long term Plan for the Development of the Hydrogen Energy Industry (2021-2035), which made it clear that the advantages of long hydrogen energy regulation cycle and large energy storage capacity should be given full play to, the demonstration of hydrogen energy storage in renewable energy consumption, grid peak shaving and other application scenarios should be carried out, and a new integrated application model of "wind solar power generation+hydrogen energy storage" should be explored and cultivated; We will improve the energy storage price mechanism covering hydrogen storage, and explore the direct participation of hydrogen storage in electricity market transactions.

Hydrogen energy is suitable for large-scale, long-period and long-distance energy storage application scenarios. In terms of energy storage scale, there is no rigid storage capacity limit for hydrogen energy, which can achieve a capacity storage of 100 million kilowatt hours, far greater than large-scale energy storage technologies such as commercial pumped storage and compressed air.