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The prospect of commercial operation of shared energy storage is foreseeable

Shared energy storage is a new generation of energy storage concept generated under the background of energy internet, which has the advantages of wide distribution and flexible application. It integrates the energy storage resources at the power supply side, power grid side and user side, and submits them to the power grid for unified coordination, so as to promote the comprehensive release of energy storage capacity at each end of the source network load.

The "sharing" of shared energy storage is reflected in four aspects: first, shared construction, self-built or co-built by new energy power generation enterprises, co-built by power generation enterprises and provincial power companies, and operated and shared energy storage; Second, shared equipment, including equipment used for energy storage lease, can be leased through long-term capacity equity and energy storage services, and can also be subject to multi-period market bidding; Third, share resource utilization, superimpose multiple transaction types, and apply the regulation function of power system and other energy storage units to participate in peak shaving auxiliary services and frequency modulation auxiliary services; Fourth, share services to meet the needs of energy management, power grid sales, customized power consumption and other services.

Analysis of business operation mode

The "shared energy storage" business model can promote the maximization of economic and social benefits of the energy storage industry.

Auxiliary service market model. With the further improvement of the policy, the relevant competition mechanism of the electric power auxiliary market has gradually matured, and the auxiliary service market will become one of the most promising business models for the shared energy storage on the grid side. Each power grid company takes the lead in organizing the investment and construction of energy storage projects, and carries out the daily operation and maintenance of the system in cooperation with internal power grid enterprises or with third-party operation service providers. Under the unified dispatching of the power grid, various market entities in the auxiliary service market enjoy various energy storage services according to their respective needs and pay the relevant service fees. Energy storage is a high-quality FM resource with good economy and strong real-time performance, which can provide FM services for various types of generating units (old thermal power units, renewable energy generating units, nuclear power units). By introducing the bidding mechanism of auxiliary service market, energy storage can directly participate in the competition of auxiliary service market, and gain income by providing various auxiliary services such as peak shaving, frequency modulation, black start, emergency power response, etc. The income level is determined by the market.

Virtual power plant mode. The virtual power plant mode integrates the energy storage systems of various users, optimizes the system operation through advanced technology, and participates in the auxiliary services of the power grid to obtain application benefits. It is more suitable for power grid enterprises with professional technical strength to lead the implementation. The distributed energy storage system, which is subject to unified dispatching and management of the power grid, can not only participate in the power market to gain revenue through frequency modulation, reserve capacity, etc., but also help the transmission and distribution system to play its multiple values in delaying the expansion and upgrading of transmission and distribution, voltage support, demand response, etc. In the virtual power plant mode, the system platform that can aggregate the energy storage system for analysis and optimization control is very important. Each power grid company can build a virtual power plant project access platform to obtain technical data from the building load, price information from the market, and real-time management of massive information. When demand response is required, the platform can find optimization points to help users reduce costs and increase profits.

Contract energy management mode. Contract energy management mode is a relatively mature business operation mode, which is generally applicable to energy-saving projects with stable cash flow income. Energy storage projects can also optimize reactive power regulation and reduce transmission and distribution losses in the process of peak load shifting and valley filling. Therefore, these energy conservation services can be quantitatively evaluated, and the application of contract energy management mode can be explored. Power grid enterprises or large power consumption enterprises can share the benefits of energy conservation and consumption reduction with the owners of energy storage projects. Large-scale enterprises, parks and other centralized energy storage providers can choose the contract energy management mode, evaluate the value of energy conservation benefits generated by energy storage according to the authoritative third-party energy conservation evaluation agency, and the park operator and other energy conservation beneficiaries will transfer part of the energy conservation benefits to the energy storage operator. Each grid company can play the role of energy storage provider or energy storage operator under the contract energy management mode.

Spot trading market model. The energy storage on the grid side can also obtain electricity revenue through the spot market trading mode. Each power grid company can be responsible for daily operation and maintenance as an energy storage operation service provider, and participate in the spot market transactions of electricity, and use the energy storage facilities to arbitrage the price fluctuation difference. The operation service provider carries out the purchase and sale of electricity in the spot electricity market to obtain the price difference income. If the shared energy storage provider and the operation service provider are not the same entity, the benefits will be shared according to the agreed rules.

Analysis of price formation mechanism

The price formation mechanism of the shared energy storage business model is the key for energy storage providers and operators to achieve profits and attract users to purchase cloud energy storage. An effective price formation mechanism should ensure that the energy storage operators obtain profits while allowing users to obtain certain benefits compared to the situation without using shared energy storage. The pricing of shared energy storage participating in auxiliary services can be divided into three categories: pricing by capacity, pricing by traffic and pricing by package.

Pricing by capacity. Pricing by capacity refers to setting the price of cloud energy storage service per kilowatt or per kilowatt hour. Users can purchase cloud energy storage service of a certain capacity from cloud energy storage providers according to their actual needs. Since users can also invest in the energy storage of construction entities in addition to using cloud energy storage, in order to attract users to use cloud energy storage instead of investing in physical energy storage, when pricing by capacity, the annual service price per unit capacity of cloud energy storage should not be greater than the annual value of the investment cost per unit power capacity of the investment entity.

Pricing by traffic. Pricing by traffic is inspired by the traffic pricing of mobile internet, and realizes the consumption mode of "how much you use, how much you pay". Cloud energy storage providers charge corresponding fees according to the amount of energy that users store into cloud energy storage facilities each time. Under this pricing model, cloud energy storage providers need to calculate the cost of meeting the user's demand for storage and release of unit electric energy under different state of charge of energy storage facilities and different electricity prices, and then form a segmented or continuous price curve of cloud energy storage based on flow pricing.

Pricing by package. Pricing by package means that cloud energy storage providers form user portraits based on the user's electricity consumption behavior and historical data of energy storage use, develop different cloud energy storage service packages for different users, and give corresponding use incentives and preferential measures. Different packages can contain different energy storage facilities. Some packages can be "power type", some can be "energy type", and some can be "complementary type". Package pricing can also combine the characteristics of capacity pricing and traffic pricing, that is, the same package includes both capacity pricing and traffic pricing.

Suggestions on safeguard measures

First, improve the construction of shared energy storage infrastructure. Electric energy is different from ordinary commodities. After the large-scale promotion of shared energy storage, it is bound to increase the transmission pressure of the power grid. The location of energy storage power stations should take into account the actual conditions of climate, terrain, power grid construction, etc. in all regions. At the same time, we should enrich the types of energy storage technologies of energy storage power stations and realize complementary advantages.

The second is to strengthen the supervision and standard system construction of shared energy storage. On June 18, 2019, the Qinghai Electric Power Auxiliary Service Market Operation Rules (for Trial Implementation) was issued, which provided a basis for the market-oriented transaction of shared energy storage. To promote shared energy storage across the country, we should also further break through the institutional and institutional constraints, encourage all stakeholders to participate widely in policy formulation, and establish a good coordination mechanism. We will deepen the energy revolution and build a market-oriented development system by promoting the market-oriented reform of electricity, improving the electricity price formation mechanism, ensuring the consumption of clean energy, and guiding green energy consumption.

Third, deepen the research and supporting construction of shared energy storage technology. According to the technical characteristics of shared energy storage, establish a standard system that can support its development. Accelerate the test and verification of the whole energy storage system and develop high-precision monitoring and control technology; Strictly regulate the product quality of the energy storage power station, ensure the quality of the material system and reasonable structure layout; Further improve the allocation of fire protection measures for energy storage power stations and strengthen safety fire protection measures; Carry out energy storage system monitoring to improve the control accuracy and sensitivity of battery management system.