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In recent years, domestic scholars have carried out detailed analysis on lithium battery transportation accidents, but lithium battery transportation accidents and lithium ion energy storage system accidents still occur frequently, mainly including combustion and explosion. Since the "812 Tianjin Big Bang" that shocked the whole country in 2015, China has carried out a thorough inspection of the whole industry for the transport of dangerous goods to eliminate potential safety hazards.

Lithium battery energy storage technology has strong adaptability and wide application range, and is the most competitive technology route among energy storage products at present. At present, with the development of lithium battery energy storage technology, standardized lithium battery energy storage boxes that can directly participate in multimodal transport have gradually come into people's sight.

According to the "List of Dangerous Goods" in Part III of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (hereinafter referred to as IMDG), this paper will classify lithium batteries and lithium battery energy storage boxes and other goods in detail, interpret the transportation mode of lithium battery goods from the perspective of the latest international transportation rules, and provide guidance for regulating the transportation mode of lithium batteries.

一、 Lithium battery transportation

1. Classification of lithium battery

Lithium batteries, as the 9th miscellaneous dangerous goods [4], are included in the Proposal on the Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations. For lithium battery transportation, the corresponding UN number shall be provided first, as shown in Table 1.

2. Regulations on lithium battery transportation in IMDG

(1) Lithium battery pack

The lithium battery pack must pass the test in 38.3 of the UN Manual of Tests and Standards

Each battery and battery is equipped with a safety exhaust device, or is designed to prevent stress rupture under normal conditions during transportation. Each battery and battery are equipped with effective devices to prevent external short circuit. Each battery pack containing multiple parallel connected batteries or battery series is equipped with effective devices (such as diodes, fuses, etc.) to prevent danger caused by reverse current.

(2) Packaging method

IMDG stipulates that UN3090309134803481 can be packaged in the packaging guidelines P903, P908, P909, P910, P911, LP903, LP904, LP905, and LP906 (please refer to IMDG4.1.4 Packaging Guidelines List for details of packaging guidelines).

The inner package must ensure that the contents will not enter the outer package due to the breakage of the inner package under normal transportation conditions. The battery pack must be protected from damage and short circuit. If the battery is installed in the equipment, the equipment must be packed in a solid outer package with sufficient strength.

When equipment and lithium battery are included in the package, the package should be marked with "UN3481 lithium ion battery is packaged with the equipment". Radio frequency identification tags, watches, temperature recorders, etc. cannot cause dangerous heat sources, and can be transported in solid outer containers when opened.

When opened, these devices must meet the specified electromagnetic radiation standards to ensure that there is no interference with the communication system of the vehicle during transportation. The package shall be pasted with the mark of Class 9 dangerous goods (see Figure 1) and the UN number (see Figure 2) according to the requirements of IMDG.

After the battery is packed, it can be transported in an ordinary dry cargo container, and the outer periphery of the container should also be pasted with the same dangerous goods sign and UN number as the contents of the goods in the container, see Figure 3.

With the development of lithium battery energy storage technology, such energy storage devices as UN3536 have been developed and utilized. In order to facilitate multimodal transport, manufacturers have made such energy storage boxes into standard container sizes of 20 feet, 40 feet, 45 feet, etc.

It is included in IMDGCode 39-18. This type of energy storage box can be used for external power supply. In addition to meeting the requirements mentioned above, the battery pack also contains necessary systems to prevent overcharging and overcharging between batteries.

The battery of the energy storage box shall be firmly fixed on the box structure, as shown in Figure 4, to prevent the load and vibration during transportation from causing the battery pack to move. The box can be equipped with dangerous goods (such as fire extinguishing system and air conditioning system) required for safe and normal operation of the energy storage box.

Dangerous goods that are not necessary for the safety and normal operation of the energy storage box shall not be transported in the box. The battery inside the energy storage box can not be pasted with dangerous goods signs or labels. The energy storage box shall be labeled with the UN number, and the Class 9 dangerous goods label shall be labeled on both sides according to the requirements of IMDG. As a container that can directly participate in transportation, the energy storage tank shall meet the requirements of the classification society's container inspection specifications.

(3) Transport documents of dangerous goods

As the Class 9 dangerous goods, lithium batteries should be provided with the consignment note with the UN number, the dangerous goods specification, the declaration form for the safe and proper transport of packaged dangerous goods, the declaration form for the transport of dangerous goods by ships, the identification result sheet for the use of outbound dangerous goods transport packaging (dangerous goods certificate), and the packing certificate for the transport of dangerous goods by containers. Correctly providing and filling in all kinds of documents required is one of the first conditions to ensure transportation safety.

3. Current situation of lithium battery transportation

The scale of China's lithium battery industry has increased year by year [6]. Since 2016, new energy vehicles have been the largest engine driving the rapid growth of lithium batteries. It is expected that in the next 5 to 10 years, new energy vehicles will still be the main driving force for the growth of lithium battery shipments. The energy storage market has gradually entered a period of rapid development. With the progress of domestic energy storage box technology, the energy storage market will gradually expand to Europe, America and other overseas regions after meeting domestic demand. The demand for lithium batteries is strong, and the scale is huge. The conventions and specifications to ensure their safe transportation are also changing, and the management of the competent authorities in various countries is also becoming increasingly strict.

二、 Analysis results and conclusions

(4) Lithium battery goods can be packed and transported in containers. The energy storage tank shall meet the requirements of the classification society container inspection specification.

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